Desalination

Several configurations of polygeneration systems, conceived for a dairy industry requiring cold, heat, power and water for its operation, are presented. For these systems, a single fuel is used to produce cold, steam (heat), electricity and water from a combined cycle integrated and optimized with h

North Cyprus is one of the Mediterranean countries that is suffering from a water shortage because fresh water resources are limited. Currently, the limited resource of water in Northern Cyprus should be used appropriately and saved. The power plants are one part of industry that need a lot of water

Desalination is a highly complex process, which requires an efficient and accurate control system in the plant to maintain operation at optimum conditions that result in energy savings and in preventing scale formation. A study of a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) control of mechanical vapour compre

A visual basic computer package was developed for the design and analysis of thermal and membrane desalination processes. The package includes conventional processes, i.e., reverse osmosis, single-effect mechanical vapor compression, multiple-effect evaporation with/without thermal or mechanical vap

Reverse osmosis separation of inorganic salts in aqueous solutions has been studied using polyamide thin film composite membrane, in spiral wound configuration. Various inorganic salts involving monovalent and divalent ions have been studied. The solute transport through the membrane and the mass tr

Thin film composite (TFC) co-polyamide membranes were modified by adding carboxyl group to the polypiperazinamide backbone. The sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate rejections were measured at various feed pressures for the modified and unmodified membranes. Th

In order to avoid hydrophilic behaviour of ceramic membranes prepared with metal oxides, alumina and zirconia membranes with 200 and 50 nm pore diameters were grafted with fluoroalkylsilanes. The grafting was controlled by TGA, and the hydrophobicity was characterised by water contact angle and perm

A development program of a small-scale desalination unit, formerly designed and manufactured, was adopted to reduce the production cost of water and minimize the deviation in the water characteristics. Process design and full engineering were performed; the system was manufactured locally. It was op

Colloidal silica (SiO2) is perhaps the most undesirable inorganic deposit formed in process industrial waters, either in bulk or on surfaces, such as membrane heat exchangers or pipelines. Conventional mineral scale inhibitors do not inhibit its formation. Chemical cleaning is difficult and not free

The Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) as a regulator for the water sector in Gaza and the West Bank had initiated a strategy to build small-scale RO seawater desalination plants (600–1250 m3/d) using the donor community funds as a supporting source of potable water to be operated and managed by the