Reverse osmosis

In this paper, performance of different pretreatment systems used in the seawater reverse osmosis desalination process is presented. The different pretreatment techniques analyzed included conventional media-filtration technique and non-conventional membrane filtration techniques. For the membrane f

The development of small-scale stand-alone desalination systems is important to communities on islands and in isolated inland areas. In such places, electricity supplies are often expensive and unreliable, while the wind resource is abundant. The system presented here comprises a 2.2 kW wind turbine

A small-scale seawater reverse-osmosis system with excellent energy efficiency is presented. The system promises to deliver up to 460 l/h of potable water, from seawater (at 40,000 ppm), while consuming less than 1600 W of electrical power. This represents a specific energy consumption of less than

The Italian Ministry of Public Works has funded a study aimed at assessing the technical feasibility and financial viability of a disalination plant to be implemented in Agrigento, Sicily. The plant, with a design production capacity of 40,000 m3 and an estimated cost of € 120 million, will serve 19

The reverse osmosis process accounts for close to 50% of all desalination processes. The reverse osmosis process is applied to desalination of various types of water that includes brackish and seawater as well as specific types of wastewater. This paper concerns design considerations in the RO proce

Tajura seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant with a capacity of 10,000 m3/d is the biggest RO plant in Libya. The plant is designed to produce high quality drinking and industrial water. The plant consists of a seawater intake, pretreatment, two stages of reverse osmosis membranes in two lines

A new pressure exchanger (PX) device transfers the energy from the concentrate stream directly to the feed stream. This direct, positive displacement approach results in a net transfer efficiency of over 95%. This efficiency advantage makes it possible to dramatically improve the performance of exis

This paper reviews three ways in which existing brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination plants can be modified to increase overall water recovery from the 70–75% range to the 90–95% range. The three techniques used to increase plant recovery are: (i) seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) for wa

Since the early 1980s, microfiltration and ultrafiltration have been widely used for drinking water applications. More recently, membranes have started to be used in membrane bioreactors or on secondary wastewater effluents for reuse application. Until recently, in desalination treatment plants seaw

Controlling fouling of membrane filtration installations (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is a major challenge for the water industry. Fouling affects the plant performance and increases the costs of plant operation. Diagnosis of the type(s) and extent of fouling is the essential first step for